האיגוד הישראלי לרפואת משפחה
כעת 6836 ערכים
רופאים, הרשמו עכשיו למועדון העורכים כניסה עקבו אחרינו בפייסבוק
האיגוד הישראלי לרפואת משפחה
רופאים, הרשמו עכשיו למועדון העורכים כניסה עקבו אחרינו בפייסבוק
כעת 6836 ערכים
האיגוד הישראלי לרפואת משפחה

הבדלים בין גרסאות בדף "טבלאות רגישויות מבית החולים שערי צדק - תרביות שתן - Shaare zedek medical center antibiotic sensitivity table - urine cultures"

מתוך ויקירפואה
 
(14 גרסאות ביניים של 3 משתמשים אינן מוצגות)
שורה 1: שורה 1:
 +
{{Sub Chapter
 +
|Book=
 +
שימוש מושכל באנטיביוטיקה ונהלים למניעת זיהומים
 +
|Chapter number=8
 +
|Sub Chapter number=3
 +
}}
 
{{פנקס|
 
{{פנקס|
 
|שם המחבר=פרופ' עמוס ינון, פרופ' יחיאל שלזינגר, דר' דוד רווה
 
|שם המחבר=פרופ' עמוס ינון, פרופ' יחיאל שלזינגר, דר' דוד רווה
שורה 7: שורה 13:
 
}}
 
}}
 
==Table 12: Urine cultures  ==
 
==Table 12: Urine cultures  ==
−
 
−
{{-}}
 
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
===Table 12a: Urine cultures, main isolates, by source of patients (2001-2008)===
 
===Table 12a: Urine cultures, main isolates, by source of patients (2001-2008)===
−
</div>
+
</div>{{רווח קשיח}}
−
 
+
{| dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
−
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
 
 
!Isolated organism
 
!Isolated organism
 
!≤48 hours in hospital  
 
!≤48 hours in hospital  
שורה 25: שורה 28:
 
| Enterobacteriaceae (total) || 15323 (70)||5397 (55) || <0.001
 
| Enterobacteriaceae (total) || 15323 (70)||5397 (55) || <0.001
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Citrobacter koserii || 499 (2) || 174 (2) ||
+
| Citrobacter koserii || 499 (2) || 174 (2) ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Enterobacter cloacae || 411 (2) || 312 (3) ||
+
| Enterobacter cloacae || 411 (2) || 312 (3) ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   E.coli || 8853 (40) || 1927 (20) || <0.001
+
| E.coli || 8853 (40) || 1927 (20) || <0.001
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Klebsiella pneumoniae || 2132 (10) || 1371 (14) || <0.001
+
| Klebsiella pneumoniae || 2132 (10) || 1371 (14) || <0.001
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Morganella morganii || 360 (2) || 192 (2) ||
+
| Morganella morganii || 360 (2) || 192 (2) ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Proteus mirabilis || 1640 (7)|| 762 (8) || <0.01
+
| Proteus mirabilis || 1640 (7)|| 762 (8) || <0.01
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Providencia stuartii || 196 || 131 ||
+
| Providencia stuartii || 196 || 131 ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Serratia marcescens || 77 || 52 ||
 
| Serratia marcescens || 77 || 52 ||
שורה 49: שורה 52:
 
| Staphylococcus epidermidis || 686 (3) || 309 (3) ||
 
| Staphylococcus epidermidis || 686 (3) || 309 (3) ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Streptococcus || 707 (3) || 123 (1) || <0.001
+
| Streptococcus ||707 (3) || 123 (1) || <0.001
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Group A || 22 || 4 ||
+
| [[Group A Streptococcus|Group A]] || 22 || 4 ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Group B || 394 (2) || 50  (0.5) || <0.001
+
| [[GBS|Group B]] || 394 (2) || 50  (0.5) || <0.001
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Group D || 90 || 24 ||
 
| Group D || 90 || 24 ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Group G || 12 || 3 ||
+
| Group G || 12 || 3 ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   S.viridans || 122 || 15 ||
+
| S.viridans || 122 || 15 ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
{{רווח קשיח}}
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
  
 
===Table 12b: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine cultures, 2000-2008===
 
===Table 12b: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine cultures, 2000-2008===
−
</div>
+
</div>{{רווח קשיח}}
−
 
+
{| dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
−
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
 
 
!
 
!
 
N
 
N
שורה 76: שורה 78:
 
5397
 
5397
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Penicillins
+
| colspan="3" |[[Penicillins]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Augmentin || 65 || 51
+
| [[Augmentin]] || 65 || 51
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Tazocin || 92 || 82
+
| [[Tazocin]] || 92 || 82
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Cephalosporins
+
| colspan="3" |[[Cephalosporins]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Cefazolin || 63 || 43
+
|[[t:Cefazolin|Cefazolin]]|| 63 || 43
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Cefuroxime || 76 || 56
+
| [[Cefuroxime]] || 76 || 56
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ceftriaxone || 84 || 66
+
| [[Ceftriaxone]] || 84 || 66
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Ceftazidime || 84 || 67
+
| [[Ceftazidime]] || 84 || 67
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Cefepime || 86 || 69
+
| [[Cefepime]] || 86 || 69
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Carbapenems
+
| colspan="3" |[[Carbapenem|Carbapenems]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Ertapenem || 99 || 96
+
| [[Ertapenem]] || 99 || 96
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Imipenem || 99 || 98
+
| [[Imipenem]] || 99 || 98
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Aminoglycosides
+
| colspan="3" |[[Aminoglycosides]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Gentamicin || 85 || 69
+
| [[Gentamicin]] || 85 || 69
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Amikacin || 98 || 94
+
| [[Amikacin]] || 98 || 94
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Other
+
| colspan="3" |Other
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Chloramph  || 78 || 62
+
| [[Chloramphenicol]] || 78 || 62
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Cotrimoxazole || 62 || 52
+
| [[Cotrimoxazole]] || 62 || 52
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Ciprofloxacin{{כ}}{{הערה|1=No significant changes in susceptibility % were noted over the study period.}} || 76 || 60
+
| [[Ciprofloxacin|Ciprofloxacin{{כ}}]]{{הערה|1=No significant changes in susceptibility % were noted over the study period.}}|| 76 || 60
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Colistin || 84 || 77
+
| [[Colistin]] || 84 || 77
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nitrofurantoin   || 70 || 52
+
| [[Nitrofurantoin]] || 70 || 52
 
|-
 
|-
−
|ESBL-positive{{כ}}{{הערה|1=ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamase}}||15||32
+
|ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) - positive{{כ}}{{הערה|1=ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamase}}||15||32
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
{{רווח קשיח}}
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
  
 
===Table 12c: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine cultures, 2001-2008===
 
===Table 12c: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine cultures, 2001-2008===
−
</div>
+
</div>{{רווח קשיח}}
−
 
+
{| dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
−
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
 
 
|
 
|
−
!≤48 hrs in hospital{{כ}}{{הערה|שם=הערה2|continues to be tested}}  
+
!≤48 hrs in hospital{{כ}}{{הערה|שם=הערה2|continues to be tested}}
−
!>48 hours in hospital{{הערה|שם=הערה2}}  
+
!>48 hours in hospital{{הערה|שם=הערה2}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Penicillins
+
| colspan="3" |Penicillins
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Mezlocillin{{כ}}{{הערה|שם=הערה2}} || 77 || 73
+
| [[Mezlocillin|Mezlocillin{{כ}}]]{{הערה|שם=הערה2}}|| 77 || 73
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Tazocin || 92 || 88
+
| Tazocin || 92 || 88
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"| Cephalosporins
+
| colspan="3" | Cephalosporins
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Ceftazidime || 92 || 89
+
| Ceftazidime || 92 || 89
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Cefepime{{כ}}{{הערה|1=tested until 2006 }}||95||94
 
| Cefepime{{כ}}{{הערה|1=tested until 2006 }}||95||94
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Carbapenems
+
| colspan="3" |Carbapenems
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Imipenem || 94 || 91
+
| Imipenem || 94 || 91
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Meropenem{{כ}}{{הערה|1=tested since 2006}} || 94 || 93
+
| [[Meropenem|Meropenem{{כ}}]]{{הערה|1=tested since 2006}}|| 94 || 93
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"|Aminoglycosides
+
| colspan="3" |Aminoglycosides
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Gentamicin || 84 || 81
+
| Gentamicin || 84 || 81
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Amikacin || 94 || 93
+
| Amikacin || 94 || 93
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3"| Other
+
| colspan="3" | Other
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Ciprofloxacin || 73 || 69
+
| Ciprofloxacin || 73 || 69
 
|-
 
|-
−
|   Colistin   || 100 || 100
+
| Colistin || 100 || 100
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
{{רווח קשיח}}
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
===Table 12d: Ten most frequently isolated organisms from urine cultures and risk of isolation in presence and absence of urinary catheter (1<sup>st</sup> trimesters, 1990-2000)===
 
===Table 12d: Ten most frequently isolated organisms from urine cultures and risk of isolation in presence and absence of urinary catheter (1<sup>st</sup> trimesters, 1990-2000)===
  
−
===
+
</div>{{רווח קשיח}}
−
</div>
 
−
 
 
 
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
 
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
−
 
+
!rowspan="2"|No.
 +
!rowspan="2"|Organism
 +
!rowspan="2"|Isolates
 +
(n=5272)
 +
n (%)
 +
!colspan="2"|Catheter
 +
!rowspan="2"|RR{{כ}}{{הערה|1= Relative risk of organism isolation in the presence versus absence of a catheter.}}
 +
(95% CI)
 +
!rowspan="2"|P
 +
value
 +
|-
 +
!Absent
 +
(n=3421)
 +
n (%)
 +
!Present
 +
(n=1851)
 +
n (%)
 +
|-
 +
|1|| Escherichia coli ||2540 (48)|| 1822 (53) ||718 (39)||0.73 (0.69-0.78)|| <0.001
 +
|-
 +
|2 || Klebsiella pneumoniae || 574 (11) || 340 (10) || 234 (13) || 1.28 (1.09-1.49) || 0.002
 +
|-
 +
| 3 || Pseudomonas aeruginosa || 469 (9) || 259 (8) || 210 (11) || 1.50 (1.27-1.79) || <0.001
 +
|-
 +
| 4 || Enterococcus spp. || 418 (8) || 198 (6) || 220 (12) || 2.06 (1.72-2.47) || <0.001
 +
|-
 +
| 5 || Proteus mirabilis || 333 (6) || 207 (6) || 126 (7) || 1.13 (0.91-1.40) || 0.265
 +
|-
 +
|6||Staphylococcus coag (-) ||173 (3)||124 (4)||49 (3)||0.73 (0.53-1.01)|| 0.06
 +
|-
 +
| 7 || Enterobacter cloacae || 129 (2) || 75 (2) || 54 (3) || 1.34 (0.95-1.89) || 0.099
 +
|-
 +
| 8 || Acinetobacter baumanii || 88 (2) || 48 (1) || 40 (2) || 1.55 (1.02-2.34) || 0.04
 +
|-
 +
| 9 || Citrobacter freundii || 72 (1) || 46 (1) || 26 (1) || 1.05 (0.65-1.69) || 0.846
 +
|-
 +
|10||Staphylococcus aureus||61 (1)||37 (1)||24 (1)||1.20 (0.72-2.00)||0.477
 +
|-
 +
| ||Total||4857 (92)||3156 (92)||1701 (92) || ||
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
+
{{רווח קשיח}}
−
 
 
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
 
<div class="mw-content-ltr">
  
 
===Table 12e: Frequencies of isolation of selected Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus, according to source of patient (2001-2008). ===
 
===Table 12e: Frequencies of isolation of selected Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus, according to source of patient (2001-2008). ===
−
</div>
+
</div>{{רווח קשיח}}
−
 
 
 
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
 
{|dir="ltr" border="1" cellpadding="4"
−
 
+
!Organism
 +
!Total
 +
n (%)
 +
!Emergency Department
 +
n (%)
 +
!Hospital Departments
 +
n (%)
 +
!RR (95% CI){{כ}}{{הערה|1=Relative risk of organism isolation in emergency department versus inpatient departments.}}
 +
!P value
 +
|-
 +
| Enterobacteriaceae || 3802 (72)||1586 (82)||2216 (66)||1.25 (1.21-1.29) || <0.001
 +
|-
 +
|Other organisms ||1470 (28)|| 337 (18)|| 1133 (34)||0.52 (0.47-0.58)||<0.001
 +
|-
 +
| Escherichia coli || 2508 (48)|| 1219 (63)|| 1289 (38)||1.65 (1.56-1.74) || <0.001
 +
|-
 +
| Pseudomonas || 469 (9) ||109 (6) || 360 (11) ||0.53 (0.43-0.65) || <0.001
 +
|-
 +
| Enterococcus spp.||418 (8)||63 (3) ||355 (11)||0.31 (0.24-0.40)|| <0.001
 +
|-
 +
| All Isolates ||5272 || 1923 || 3349 || ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
== הערות שוליים ==
 
== הערות שוליים ==
−
 
 
{{הערות שוליים}}
 
{{הערות שוליים}}
  
 
==ביבליוגרפיה==
 
==ביבליוגרפיה==
−
 
 
<blockquote>  
 
<blockquote>  
 
<div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr">
 
<div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr">
 
# Raveh D, Rudensky B, Huerta M, Aviv Y, Yinnon AM.  Use of time-trend analysis in the design of empirical antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infection.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22(3):158-64.
 
# Raveh D, Rudensky B, Huerta M, Aviv Y, Yinnon AM.  Use of time-trend analysis in the design of empirical antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infection.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22(3):158-64.
 
# Raveh D, Rosenzweig I, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM. Prospective, case control study to determine risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterococcus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 331-334.
 
# Raveh D, Rosenzweig I, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM. Prospective, case control study to determine risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterococcus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 331-334.
 +
# Raveh D, Rudensky B, Huerta M, Aviv Y, Yinnon AM.  Use of time-trend analysis in the design of empirical antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infection.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003 Mar; 22(3):158-64.
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
−
 
−
==ראו גם==
 
−
 
−
* לנושא הקודם: [[טבלאות רגישויות מבית החולים שערי צדק - תרביות ליחה]]
 
−
* לנושא הבא: [[אבחון, טיפול בידוד ומיגון כנגד מחוללים ביולוגיים מדבקים - Diagnosis, treatment and isolation for infectious biological agents]]
 
−
 
−
* [[שימוש מושכל באנטיביוטיקה|לתוכן העניינים של פנקס שימוש מושכל באנטיביוטיקה]]
 
  
  

גרסה אחרונה מ־09:32, 9 בדצמבר 2022

Antibiotic.png

שימוש מושכל באנטיביוטיקה ונהלים למניעת זיהומים
מאת המרכז הרפואי שערי צדק: פרופ' עמוס ינון, פרופ' יחיאל שלזינגר, ד"ר דוד רווה

פרק ראשי


תת הפרק הקודם

תוכן עניינים > פרק #8.3: טבלאות רגישויות מבית החולים שערי צדק - תרביות שתן - Shaare zedek medical center antibiotic sensitivity table - urine cultures

שם הספר: שימוש מושכל באנטיביוטיקה ונהלים למניעת זיהומים
Antibiotic.png
שם המחבר פרופ' עמוס ינון, פרופ' יחיאל שלזינגר, דר' דוד רווה
שם הפרק טבלאות רגישויות מבית החולים שערי צדק - תרביות שתן - Shaare zedek medical center antibiotic sensitivity table - urine cultures
מוציא לאור
שערי צדק1.png
מועד הוצאה תשע"א – 2010
מספר עמודים 196
הקדשה ספר זה מוקדש
לפרופ' חיים הרשקו
בהוקרה עמוקה

Table 12: Urine cultures

Table 12a: Urine cultures, main isolates, by source of patients (2001-2008)

 

Isolated organism ≤48 hours in hospital

N=21833

>48 hours in hospital

N=9823

p
Acinetobacter 237 (1) 585 (6) <0.001
Enterobacteriaceae (total) 15323 (70) 5397 (55) <0.001
Citrobacter koserii 499 (2) 174 (2)
Enterobacter cloacae 411 (2) 312 (3)
E.coli 8853 (40) 1927 (20) <0.001
Klebsiella pneumoniae 2132 (10) 1371 (14) <0.001
Morganella morganii 360 (2) 192 (2)
Proteus mirabilis 1640 (7) 762 (8) <0.01
Providencia stuartii 196 131
Serratia marcescens 77 52
Enterococcus sp. 2467 (11) 1833 (19) <0.001
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1404 (6) 1263 (13) <0.001
Staphylococcus aureus 394 (1) 107 (1)
Staphylococcus epidermidis 686 (3) 309 (3)
Streptococcus 707 (3) 123 (1) <0.001
Group A 22 4
Group B 394 (2) 50 (0.5) <0.001
Group D 90 24
Group G 12 3
S.viridans 122 15

 

Table 12b: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine cultures, 2000-2008

 

N

≤48 hrs in hospital‏[1]

15316

>48 hours in hospital[1]

5397

Penicillins
Augmentin 65 51
Tazocin 92 82
Cephalosporins
Cefazolin 63 43
Cefuroxime 76 56
Ceftriaxone 84 66
Ceftazidime 84 67
Cefepime 86 69
Carbapenems
Ertapenem 99 96
Imipenem 99 98
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin 85 69
Amikacin 98 94
Other
Chloramphenicol 78 62
Cotrimoxazole 62 52
Ciprofloxacin‏[2] 76 60
Colistin 84 77
Nitrofurantoin 70 52
ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) - positive‏[3] 15 32

 

Table 12c: Antimicrobial susceptibilities (%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine cultures, 2001-2008

 

≤48 hrs in hospital‏[4] >48 hours in hospital[4]
Penicillins
Mezlocillin‏[4] 77 73
Tazocin 92 88
Cephalosporins
Ceftazidime 92 89
Cefepime‏[5] 95 94
Carbapenems
Imipenem 94 91
Meropenem‏[6] 94 93
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin 84 81
Amikacin 94 93
Other
Ciprofloxacin 73 69
Colistin 100 100

 

Table 12d: Ten most frequently isolated organisms from urine cultures and risk of isolation in presence and absence of urinary catheter (1st trimesters, 1990-2000)

 

No. Organism Isolates

(n=5272) n (%)

Catheter RR‏[7]

(95% CI)

P

value

Absent

(n=3421) n (%)

Present

(n=1851) n (%)

1 Escherichia coli 2540 (48) 1822 (53) 718 (39) 0.73 (0.69-0.78) <0.001
2 Klebsiella pneumoniae 574 (11) 340 (10) 234 (13) 1.28 (1.09-1.49) 0.002
3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 469 (9) 259 (8) 210 (11) 1.50 (1.27-1.79) <0.001
4 Enterococcus spp. 418 (8) 198 (6) 220 (12) 2.06 (1.72-2.47) <0.001
5 Proteus mirabilis 333 (6) 207 (6) 126 (7) 1.13 (0.91-1.40) 0.265
6 Staphylococcus coag (-) 173 (3) 124 (4) 49 (3) 0.73 (0.53-1.01) 0.06
7 Enterobacter cloacae 129 (2) 75 (2) 54 (3) 1.34 (0.95-1.89) 0.099
8 Acinetobacter baumanii 88 (2) 48 (1) 40 (2) 1.55 (1.02-2.34) 0.04
9 Citrobacter freundii 72 (1) 46 (1) 26 (1) 1.05 (0.65-1.69) 0.846
10 Staphylococcus aureus 61 (1) 37 (1) 24 (1) 1.20 (0.72-2.00) 0.477
Total 4857 (92) 3156 (92) 1701 (92)

 

Table 12e: Frequencies of isolation of selected Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus, according to source of patient (2001-2008).

 

Organism Total

n (%)

Emergency Department

n (%)

Hospital Departments

n (%)

RR (95% CI)‏[8] P value
Enterobacteriaceae 3802 (72) 1586 (82) 2216 (66) 1.25 (1.21-1.29) <0.001
Other organisms 1470 (28) 337 (18) 1133 (34) 0.52 (0.47-0.58) <0.001
Escherichia coli 2508 (48) 1219 (63) 1289 (38) 1.65 (1.56-1.74) <0.001
Pseudomonas 469 (9) 109 (6) 360 (11) 0.53 (0.43-0.65) <0.001
Enterococcus spp. 418 (8) 63 (3) 355 (11) 0.31 (0.24-0.40) <0.001
All Isolates 5272 1923 3349

הערות שוליים

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Differences in rates of susceptibility between community and hospital acquired strains were significant for all antimicrobials (p<0.001).
  2. ↑ No significant changes in susceptibility % were noted over the study period.
  3. ↑ ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamase
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 continues to be tested
  5. ↑ tested until 2006
  6. ↑ tested since 2006
  7. ↑ Relative risk of organism isolation in the presence versus absence of a catheter.
  8. ↑ Relative risk of organism isolation in emergency department versus inpatient departments.

ביבליוגרפיה

  1. Raveh D, Rudensky B, Huerta M, Aviv Y, Yinnon AM. Use of time-trend analysis in the design of empirical antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22(3):158-64.
  2. Raveh D, Rosenzweig I, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM. Prospective, case control study to determine risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterococcus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 331-334.
  3. Raveh D, Rudensky B, Huerta M, Aviv Y, Yinnon AM. Use of time-trend analysis in the design of empirical antimicrobial treatment of urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003 Mar; 22(3):158-64.